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In this Instructable I will show you how to design and fabricate your own PCBs, exclusively using free software that runs on Windows as well as on a Mac. With the help of a thriving online community, find endless. The PCB data files are related to SmartCAM. Every program outputs a slightly different version of the file so it’s conceivable that it will not work with all PCB software. They have a small three board sample design program that lets you make a few PCB's for a nominal fee. 5 out of 5 stars (18) Software solutions for Arclight Dynamics CNC Plasma Tables. Cognitive Market Research has published a detailed market analysis report of PCB Design Software Industry titled, "Global PCB Design Software Market Report 2022". Computer-Aided Design We don’t have any Whale Tales about Amazon River Dolphins yet but we would love to hear about yours! Share your encounter about any whale, dolphin or porpoise here. So while the mystery continues with the scientific name, the three common names of the Amazon River Dolphin are all fairly on-the-nose for this long-rostrumed, pink, river dolphin. Even “inia” has no clear Latin or ancient Greek translation and the only thing I could find about it was that it’s sometimes used as a Maori feminine name and means “body of water.” I know this has nothing do to with Amazon River Dolphins and it’s NOT what they were named after but it came up often enough while I was researching their name origins that I had to include it □įinally, when it comes to the Amazon River Dolphin’s scientific name, Inia geoffrensis, almost nothing is known about its meaning or its significance – which in and of itself is interesting! The species was first described by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1817 and from everything I could find he had no relatives named Geoffrey. That said, if you’re reading this from Hawaii – where, admittedly, there are no Amazon River Dolphins – this last common name probably does give you a chuckle because in pidgin, Hawaiian Creole English, “Boto” describes another long pink appendage found particularly on males. The specific Portuguese name for this species is “Boutu Vermelho” which translates to “red dolphin.” So while Boto does sound unique to my ears its meaning is significantly less-so where it is so commonly spoken. “Boto” or “Boutu” is the Portuguese word used to refer to multiple dolphin species, usually those found in the river systems of South America. There is one other common name commonly used to refer to the Amazon River Dolphin: Boto. This pink colouration eventually spreads up along the sides of their body and finally as they grow even older their whole body can become almost white. So, what actually is a Pink Dolphin Pink dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) are a species of Toothed whales classified in the family Iniidae and it contains three sub-species: Amazon river dolphin (I. It inhabits South America, mainly in the Amazon river, but also in the Orinoco basin and Madeira river. Their colour is thought to vary by age being born with very dark grey dorsal colouration and developing more and more pink colouration on their ventral side as they mature. The Amazon river dolphin, pink dolphin or Boto is a freshwater dolphin. They are also sometimes called Pink River Dolphins – because they are sometimes pink. More specifically, Amazon River Dolphins are found in the river systems and basins of the Amazon and Orinoco tributaries in South America. It’s a dolphin, that lives in the rivers, in the Amazon. It is not as sociable as the oceanic dolphins since it usually travels in groups of 2 or 3 individuals, mostly mothers with a calf. Its speed while swimming is only 1.5 to 3.2 kilometers per hour, but it has occasional bursts reaching up to 14 to 22 kilometers per hour. The Amazon River Dolphin’s common name suffers from the same “on-the-nose” syndrome of so many other dolphins. Observations concluded that the Amazon River dolphin moves slowly. Its distinctly long and pointed rostrum as well as its oftentimes bright pink colour certainly set it apart. River Dolphins are definitely some of the coolest looking dolphins around and the Amazon River Dolphin is no exception. This freedom allows people to publish their opinions and information without the government stopping them. It does not, however, protect them from repercussions they may have at work or in the public from voicing their opinions. This freedom prevents the government from punishing people for expressing their opinions. They didn't want the new government to keep people from speaking up about issues and concerns they had with the government. The government can, however, regulate religious practices such as human sacrifice or illegal drug use.Īnother very important freedom to the Founding Fathers was freedom of speech. They can also choose not to follow any religion. The First Amendment allows people to believe and practice whatever religion they want. They did not want the new government to take this freedom away. Many of the people who first came to America did so in order to have religious freedom. This shows how important it was to the Founding Fathers of the United States. "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances."įreedom of religion is the first freedom mentioned in the Bill of Rights. Here is the text of the First Amendment from the Constitution: It was part of the Bill of Rights that was added to the Constitution on December 15, 1791. The First Amendment protects several basic freedoms in the United States including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the right to assemble, and the right to petition the government. In April 2010, version 9 of Navicat Premium was released, which added the connectivity of SQLite database to Navicat Premium, allowing Navicat Premium to connect to MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL and SQLite in a single application. Navicat Premium version also supports cross-platform administration, serving Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. In 2009, PremiumSoft released Navicat Premium, a series of Navicat software that combines all previous Navicat versions into a single version and can connect to different database types including MySQL, Oracle, and PostgreSQL simultaneously, allowing users to do data migration between cross databases. Also at the release, the MongoDB version was included in Navicat Premium. It provides a native environment for MongoDB management and supports the extra features like MapReduce, GridFS Buckets. The new line of product, called Navicat for MongoDB, was released in July 2018 for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. MongoDB is currently the newest addition to the list of server Navicat supports. In 2018, Navicat started to support NoSQL databases. Also at the release, the MariaDB version was included in both Navicat Premium and Navicat for MySQL. Navicat for MariaDB was released in November 2013 for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. In January 2011, support for SQL Azure was added. Also at the release, the SQL server version was included in the Premium version of Navicat. Navicat for SQL Server was released in November 2010 for the Windows platform and Mac OS X. In April 2010, Navicat Premium began including Navicat for SQLite starting from version 9 to expand the usability of Navicat Premium. Navicat for SQLite was released for Windows and Mac OS X simultaneously in April 2009, and the Linux version soon followed two months later in June of the same year. The Oracle version of Navicat supports most of the latest Oracle objects features including Directory, Tablespace, Synonym, Materialized View, Trigger, Sequence, and Type, etc. In August of the following year they followed up with a version for the Linux Platform. In August 2008 Navicat decided to further continue their product line and branch out into the Oracle community, creating Navicat for Oracle for Windows and Mac. The Linux version of Navicat for PostgreSQL would not be released until 3 years later in August 2009. PremiumSoft continued to expand their Navicat series by releasing Navicat for PostgreSQL for Windows in October 2005 and then for Mac OS X in June 2006. In November 2013, added the support of MariaDB. Subsequently, the company released two additional versions of Navicat for MySQL on the Mac OS X and Linux operating system in June and October 2003 respectively. Officially released in March 2002, the Windows version of Navicat for MySQL became the first product offered to the public by PremiumSoft. It supports Linux platform via bundled Wine. Upon purchase, users are able to select a language for the software from eleven available languages: English, French, German, Spanish, Japanese, Polish, Russian, Portuguese, Korean, Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese. Navicat is a cross-platform tool and works on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux platforms. In 2008, Navicat for MySQL was the winner of the Hong Kong ICT 2008 Award of the Year, Best Business Grand Award and Best Business (Product) Gold Award. The main target of the initial version was to simplify the management of MySQL installations. The initial version of Navicat was developed by Mr. Here we rotate the labels 30°, but we could also do 45°, 90°, or whatever we want. Since we want to avoid manually recoding categories, we can do some visual tricks to make the labels readable without changing any of the lable text. Verdict: 6/10, we have more control over the labels, but too much abbreviation reduces readibility, and it’s not automatic. If a new longer category gets added in a later iteration of the data, this code won’t automatically shorten it. It also requires more manual work and a lot of extra typing. Hous.” mean affordable housing? affluent housing? affable housing?). That works great! However, it reduces readibility (does “Aff. "Homeless Shelter" = "Homeless\nShelter"))Īes(x = CATEGORY, y = total)) geom_col() scale_y_continuous(labels = comma) labs(x = NULL, y = "Total projects") "Hospital / Health Care" = "Hosp./Health", Manual pages can be displayed using the ?function_name notation in the R console.Essential_by_category_shorter % mutate(CATEGORY = recode(CATEGORY, Note that paste, toupper, substring, and abbreviate built-in functions are utilized to implement capitalize_all functionality, but a full review of these methods are out of this article’s scope. In this case, we implemented the capitalize_all function that abbreviates each label first and then converts the starting character of the string to the capital letter. Scale_x_discrete parameter labels can take a custom function object to modify each tick label accordingly. Use scale_x_discrete With Custom Function to Modify ggplot X Axis Tick Labels in R P3 <- ggplot(mpg, aes(manufacturer, cty)) geom_point(colour = "blue") P2 <- ggplot(mpg, aes(manufacturer, cty)) geom_point() P1 <- ggplot(mpg, aes(manufacturer, cty)) geom_point() Namely, several scatter plots are drawn from the mpg data set. Scale_x_discrete works similarly on different graphs, and the label manipulation technique is applicable, as shown in the following example. P3 <- p1 scale_x_discrete("Cut Type", labels = abbreviate) The next code snippet uses the abbreviate function to automatically shorten the labels and then draw graphs as two columns. P2 <- p1 scale_x_discrete("Cut Type", labels = c("Fair" = "F","Good" = "G", "Very Good" = "VG","Premium" = "P","Ideal" = "I"))Īnother useful method to modify the labels on the x axis is to pass a function object as a labels parameter. P1 <- ggplot(diamonds, aes(cut)) geom_bar(fill = "orange") scale_x_discrete("Cut") Both graphs are drawn side-by-side using the grid.arrange function, part of the gridExtra package. Alternatively, we can pass specific string values for each label by constructing a vector and assigning it to the labels parameter. x axis has the default title - cut, which can be modified by passing the string as the first argument of scale_x_discrete. The graph uses the cut column and plots the count of each type on the y axis. Notice that the first ggplot object is a bar graph based on the diamonds data set. In this case, we utilize scale_x_discrete to modify x axis tick labels for ggplot objects. Scale_x_discrete together with scale_y_discrete are used for advanced manipulation of plot scale labels and limits. Use scale_x_discrete to Modify ggplot X Axis Tick Labels in R This article will introduce how to modify ggplot x-axis tick labels in R. Use scale_x_discrete With Custom Function to Modify ggplot X Axis Tick Labels in R.Use scale_x_discrete to Modify ggplot X Axis Tick Labels in R. You also can read other recommendations available online, or on Reddit and Quora. The Limitations of the Free DVD Ripping Software Only support Windows OS but it’s available in 62 languages. The file size of about 100MB is quite big.More customization options are available like adjusting video bitrates, and size, and adding watermark & subtitles before starting the DVD ripping process.Regular updates and improvements make it a better application.Can back up DVD and Blu-ray discs but it doesn’t rip the encrypted discs.A tool with an intuitive interface and supports many popular video formats.You can use the program to convert PDF, video & audio, rip DVD and Blu-ray, screen recorder as well as a video downloader. This software is a free, multifunctional media processing tool. Blu-ray ripping is NOT free (after a trial period) but most free tools out there cannot rip the Blu-ray discs.The processed file is limited to the MKV format.Available for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.Can preserve all of the source disc’s info like menus, HD audio, tracks, chapters, etc.Unlike other free tools, this software can rip copy-protected discs.Ability to rip both DVD and blu-ray discs (30-day full-features free trial).To use the shareware feature after the 30-day free trial, you need to purchase the registration key. However, if you want to rip Blu-ray discs, it’s shareware functionality. So, if you want to have like MP4 format, you need another program and convert the file one more time to your intended file format. One of the major drawbacks of this software is that it only can convert the file to the MKV format. This tool can instantly decrypt your movie on DVD discs and play it on your favorite devices like a computer or DVD player. 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You start with a bulk quantity of something uniform. We know we can do setups with air tracks, to get near frictionless motion. The defninitions that we are using in the course of doing physics are operational definitions. Theory, concept, law, and method of measurement - forever inseparable - are born into the world in union. Principle deprives one of the means properly to define or even useĪny forward step in human knowledge is creative in this sense: that Contrariwise, the absence of some body of theory, law, and Have this deep and subtle character, that they both define theĬoncepts they use (here B and E) and make statements about theseĬoncepts. The discussion in section 3.1 of the book goes as follows:Īll the laws and theories of physics, including the Lorentz force law, Physics, including Newton's laws of gravity, have this deep and subtleĬharacter, that they both define the concepts they use (here GalileanĬoordinates) and make statements about these concepts." 'Define your terms before you proceed.' All the laws and theories of Least by Henri Poincaré, that view is out of date which used to say Slightly modified): "Here and elsewhere in science, as emphasized not System and its nonuniqueness? Answer: (a quotation from par. Only afterwards (here) com to grip with the nature of the coordinate Properties of spacetime in Galilean coordinates first (par. Point of principle: how can one write down the laws of gravity and The following paragraphs go into the question of how to do physics at all. The issue that you raise is addressed in the book 'Gravitation', by Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler. I should mention that I did not find any other questions on the Physics Stack Exchange properly addressing my question. If you think that this question needs modification or clarification, do not hesitate to tell me. Newton's law (2) states that "acceleration is force". I am pretty convinced that the earth is not an inertial frame of reference and pretty aware that in the appropriate frame of reference in which Earth is rotating, the "fictitious force" is just incorporated in the acceleration. Just to be clear, I am not a first-year undergraduate student who does not understand anything to Newtonian physics. My objection is then: why do we say that this frame of reference is not inertial, rather than admitting that we forget a force in our inventory? To restore the equality one has to add a "fictitious" force, $F_f$, so that $ma=F F_f$. Then one observes the acceleration of the pendulum $a$, and observe that $ma\neq F$. To do so, one cooks up an inventory of forces, let us say that all these forces add up to $F$. Let me give a troubling example, may somebody explain to me why I am wrong: Foucault's experiment is considered as a proof that the frame of reference given by the earth in which we are sitting in, is not an inertial frame. Is there a rigorous construction of mass, force, and Newton's first/second law? which requires the notion of force to be defined! And the force is also by definition ma in intertial frames. With this notion of mass, you identify $F$ as the thing equal to $ma$.īut in order to do so, you need to work in inertial frame of references. It seems that the second Law (2) is a definition of both force and mass: you measure a and you observe that there is a proportionality constant $m$ depending on the object such that $m_1a_1=m_2a_2$ when the two objects are in the same conditions. These statements are somewhat "circular", this is no news as many other questions on this SE can attest this fact. (1) An inertial reference of frame is, by definition, a frame in which if there are no net forces, that is, if the sum of all forces acting on an object is equal to zero, then $a=0$. My understanding of Newtonian's law is the following (I will not talk about Newton's third law): (iii) Force is to be defined too and, of course, a way to measure it. How can we define such a notion? How can we measure it? I'll consider that it is possible to measure it so that acceleration in a given reference frame is computable. (i) Position and time in reference frames. In a "modern way of teaching Newtonian mechanics", there are several notions to define before stating Newton's laws, which appear in the laws. As the beans roast, various things happen, but two of the most important are that caffeine diminishes and oils exude. The longer the roast, the darker the bean. If ever you smell a terrible odor of burnt toast in your neighborhood, some roaster, somewhere, has failed to properly tend their roast.Īs beans roast, they darken into the brown beans you find in the store. Artisanal roasters roast to order, which means they don’t roast the coffee until it has been ordered, and then deliver the freshly roasted coffee to the consumer within a day or two. Most commercial roasteries use gas-powered drum roasters, and artisanal roasters use smaller machines than industrial roasters, producing up to 20 lbs. Through vast amounts of experimentation, each roaster develops roasting profiles for each bean and each blend. Literally, green, in all shades, depending on their origin. When coffee beans arrive at the roastery, they are green. There is no such thing as an “espresso bean.” There’s lots more to know about coffee beans – shade-grown, mountain-grown, wet-processed or dry-processed, hand-picked or strip-picked, organic or conventional, Fair Trade, Swiss Water decaffeinated, civet coffee (look it up) and so on. Roasters either use a single-origin arabica bean or mix beans together in custom blends. Ethiopian, Mexican, Peru, Columbian, Sumatra, Indonesia, Java and Kona are all named for the places they are grown. Varietals of arabica are also named for their origin. Most cheap commercial coffees are robustas. There are many varietals, the most common being arabica, which most high-end roasters use, and robusta, which have twice the caffeine but half the flavor. They grow inside a fruit, and so are actually a pit. Coffee “beans” are actually the seed of the coffee plant. Which, in fact, aren’t even beans at all. All commercial roasters import their beans. Hence, there is no such thing as a locally-grown coffee bean, although with climate change, that probably won’t be true forever. While coffee beans can be coaxed to grow at other latitudes, it’s cost-prohibitive to do so. The southernmost tip of Italy is 37 degrees north. For reference, Arcata is 40 degrees north of the equator. Here’s what you need to know to be a coffee connoisseur.įirst, there is no such thing as “expresso.” It’s called “espresso.”Ĭoffee beans grow in the bean belt, which embraces the globe between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, 23 degrees north and south, respectively, of the equator. Instead, you will likely be offered fantastic locally-roasted coffees. You run no risk, in Arcata, of being subjected to this terrible not-Italian-bean coffee, as there are, miraculously, no nationally franchised coffee shops here. She, not knowing, asked the other baristas, one of whom answered, “Um, I think they’re Italian?” Not being a morning person, I, ironically, didn’t have time to make my morning coffee, so I stopped by a coffee shop that is part of a ubiquitous nationwide-wide chain that was, at that time, pushing their “anniversary roast.” I asked the barista which beans were in it. This involved getting up really early to set up the coffee booth. Photo by Matt Filar.Ībout a year ago, I attended a convention in Las Vegas. Kinetic Koffee roaster Kelly Brannon at the helm of Diedre, the Diedrich roaster. A particularly good one, if you're interested in changing the geometry of your design, This made downstream toolpath generation quite a bit easier. Put the interior geometry on a separate layer from the exterior geometry. Firstly, he setup my Rhino model so it had a bounding geometry outlining the stock (OSB 4ft x 8ft, long axis of the machine vertical by convention), as well as The next day, Architecture RPL guru David Costanza was able to give me a few pointers on the correct way to go about using Rhino and MasterCam. Unable to figure these issues out, I called it a day. The other issue, the lead ins/outs (The curved sections where the tool goes up and down), were cutting into different parts of the model. This led to the software thinking the stock started a Z 0.0, and from the simulation I could see the toolpath dragging the tool everywhere Firstly, I hadn't yet figured out how to properly specify the height of the stock. But before running this toolpath, I ran into some issues. Had I actually used this toolpath, it would have been pretty crappy results likely, as the lack of a finishing pass means the corners and insets would They both used tool #1 (0.375" compression tool). I made two rough cut toolpaths, one for the exterior of the geometry, and one for the internal cutouts. The image above shows my attempt first attempt at designing a MasterCam toolpath. MasterCam is a very powerful, and incredibly obtuse piece of software. This was really where the majority of my time on the project this week was spent. I then transfered my model from Rhino to MasterCam. The vertical structure comes expectedly from the "vertical beams" which pressfit into the lengthwise beams, thereby connecting two faces to make a box. A short description of the design: It is a box, the top or bottom face is defined by 2x "lengthwise beams", 2x "widthwise beams",Ĥx intersecting "cross beams", which pressfit together. I put the cloning trick Neil demonstrated for the laser cut pressfit assignment to good use again, this allowed me to easily propgate changes Yet again I used Inkscape for my modeling tool, as at this point I know all its tricks and nothing necessarily called for 3D design. That is actually a pretty elegant solution. Okay, thats my somewhat justification for this design, but in actuality it was more just practice making something big. Life stages, maybe you could collect enough moss for detailed study of its metabolites throughout the lifecycle. The idea for the design was: if you could grow a lot moss on large vertical surfaces, and it would pass through all the However, the disorganized cells from liquid culture isn't too appealing if you want to study natural metabolites, as these might only be present in certain tissues etc. Where it will go through its entire lifecycle (leafy structure etc.), or in largescale liquid culture, where it remains as disorganized cells. Right now, you can grow moss at a smallish scale on petri dishes, I'm interested in studying the metabolites of moss, but this requires a *lot* of biomass. Moss is an interesting and somewhat understudied model organism. In short, I expanded a bit upon my week 1 idea to tryĪnd make a specialized moss growing structure. So I wasn't able to get a good single image of my sketching. Unfortunately OneNote likes to divide things into pages when you try to export (it is a note taking program after all), I started out designing this week by sketching up some ideas in OneNote. |
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